China
timeline
A chronology of key events:
c 1700-1046 BC - Shang Dynasty is the first Chinese state for which
clear written records remain.
The philosopher Confucius has had a major influence on Chinese
culture
221-206 BC - Qin Dynasty marks the emergence of China as a
major regional power and centre of civilisation.
Imperial China
960-1279 AD - Song Dynasty marks the high point of
Chinese classical culture, with the flowering of literature, scientific
innovation and the adoption of Neo-Confucianism as the official state ideology.
1271-1368 - Mongols conquer China and establish their own Yuan
Dynasty, founded by Kublai Khan. Marco Polo and other Westerners visit. Beijing
becomes the capital of a united China.
1368 - Ming Dynasty overthrows Mongols and
establishes sophisticated agricultural economy, creating strong centralised
bureaucracy and military. Great Wall of China completed.
1644 - Manchu Qing Dynasty drives out Ming.
Chinese empire reaches its zenith, with the annexation of Tibet , Mongolia
and present-day Xinjiang (Turkestan ).
19th Century - China begins a long decline.
Western powers impose "unequal treaties" that create foreign
concessions in China's ports.
1899-1901 - "Boxer Rebellion" in Northern China seeks
to stifle reforms in the Qing administration, drive out foreigners and
re-establish traditional rule. Defeated by foreign intervention, with Western
powers, Russia and Japan extracting further concessions from weakened Qing
government.
The Republic
1911-12 - Military revolts by reformer officers lead to
proclamation of Republic of China under Sun Yat-sen and abdication of
last Qing emperor. Republic struggles to consolidate in in rise of the
Communist Party.
1931-45 - Japan invades and gradually occupies
more and more of China.
1934-35 - Mao Zedong emerges as Communist leader
during the party's "Long March" to its new base in Shaanxi Province.
1937 - Kuomintang and Communists unite
against Japanese. Civil war resumes after Japan's defeat in Second World War.
Communist victory
1949 - 1 October - Mao Zedong, leads the
Communists to victory against the Nationalists after more than 20 years of
civil war, and proclaims the founding of the People's Republic of China. The
Nationalists retreat to the island
of Taiwan and set up a
government there.
Landmark Great Wall
1950 - China
intervenes in the Korean War on the side of North Korea .
Tibet becomes part of the People's
Republic of China
1958 - Mao launches the "Great Leap
Forward", a five-year economic plan. He collectivised farming and introduces
labour-intensive industry. The drive produces economic breakdown and is
abandoned after two years. There is death by starvation of millions of people
following poor harvests.
1966-76 - "Cultural Revolution", Mao's
10-year political and ideological campaign to revive revolutionary spirit,
produces massive social, economic and political instability.
Mao Zedong
Death of Mao
1976 - Mao dies. From 1977 Deng Xiaoping
emerges as the dominant figure among pragmatists in the leadership. Under him, China
undertakes far-reaching economic reforms.
1979 - Diplomatic relations established with
the US.
Government imposes one-child policy in
effort to control population growth.
Deng Xiaoping
1986-90 - China 's
"Open-door policy" opens the country to foreign investment and encourages
development of a market economy and private sector.
1989 - Jiang Zemin takes over as Chinese
Communist Party general secretary. Stockmarkets open in Shanghai and Shenzhen.
1992 - Russia and China sign declaration
restoring friendly ties.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
ranks China's economy as third largest in the world after the US and Japan.
Three Gorges project
1993 - Jiang Zemin officially replaces Yang
Shangkun as president.
Preliminary construction work on the
Three Gorges dam begins. It will create a lake almost 600 kilometres (375 miles ) long and
submerge dozens of cultural heritage sites by the time it is completed in 2009.
1995 - China
tests missiles and holds military exercises in the Taiwan Strait, apparently to
intimidate Taiwan
during its presidential elections.
TIANANMEN SQUARE
1997 - Deng Xiaoping dies, aged 92. There are
riots on day of Deng's funeral. Separatists plant three bombs on buses in
Urumqi, Xinjiang, killing nine and injuring 74. Hong Kong reverts to Chinese
control.
1998 - Zhu Rongji is the new premier,
announces reforms in the wake of the Asian financial crisis and continues
deceleration of the economy.
2001 June - Leaders of China, Russia and four
Central Asian states launch the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and
sign an agreement to fight ethnic and religious militancy while promoting trade
and investment. The group emerges when the Shanghai Five - China,
Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan - are joined by Uzbekistan.
2001 June - China carries out military
exercises simulating an invasion of Taiwan, at the same time as the island's
armed forces test their capability to defend Taiwan against a missile attack
from China.
2001 November - China joins the World Trade
Organisation.
2002 February - US President George W Bush
visits, on the 30th anniversary of President Nixon's visit to China - the first
by a US president.
2003 March - National People's Congress
elects Hu Jintao as president. He replaces Jiang Zemin, who steps down after 10
years in the post.
Sars virus outbreak
2003 March-April - China and Hong Kong are
hit by the pneumonia-like Sars virus, thought to have originated in Guangdong
province in November 2002. Strict quarantine measures are enforced to stop the
disease spreading.
THREE GORGES PROJECT
Massive hydro-power scheme is set for
completion in 2009
2003 June - Hong Kong
is declared free of Sars. Days later the World Health Organization lifts its
Sars-related travel warning for Beijing.
China in space
2003 October - Launch of China's first manned
spacecraft: Astronaut Yang Liwei is sent into space by a Long March 2F rocket.
2004 September - Former president Jiang Zemin
stands down as army chief, three years ahead of schedule.
Many rural Chinese have not shared in the
economic boom
2004 November - China signs a landmark trade
agreement with 10 south-east Asian countries; the accord could eventually unite
25% of the world's population in a free-trade zone.
2005 January - Former reformist leader Zhao
Ziyang dies. He opposed violent measures to end 1989's student protests and
spent his last years under virtual house arrest.
2005 March - Hong Kong Chief Executive Tung
Chee-hwa resigns. He is succeeded in June by Donald Tsang.
Tensions with Japan
2005 April - Relations with Japan
deteriorate amid sometimes-violent anti-Japanese protests in Chinese cities.
China's economic drive is transforming
Tibet
2005 August - China
and Russia
hold their first joint military exercises.
2005 October - China conducts its second
manned space flight, with two astronauts circling Earth in the Shenzhou VI
capsule.
2005 November - Explosion at a chemical plant
poisons the Songhua river, cutting off water supplies to millions of people.
2006 May - Work on the structure of the Three
Gorges Dam, the world's largest hydropower project, is completed.
POLLUTION
China has overtaken the US as the biggest
emitter of CO2
2006 July - New China-Tibet railway line, the
world's highest train route, begins operating.
Missile test
2007 January - Reports say China has carried
out a missile test in space, shooting down an old weather satellite. The US , Japan
and others express concern at China 's
military build-up.
Severe snowstorms disrupted the holiday
plans of millions
2007 June - New labour law introduced after
hundreds of men and boys were found working as slaves in brick factories.
2007 October - China launches its first moon
orbiter.
2008 January - The worst snowstorms in decades are reported to have affected
up to 100 million people.
2008 May - A massive earthquake hits Sichuan province,
killing tens of thousands.
2008 July - China and Russia sign a treaty
ending 40-year-old border dispute which led to armed clashes during the Cold
War.
2008 August - Beijing hosts Olympic Games.
Hua Guofeng, who succeeded Mao Zedong
for a short period in 1976, dies in Beijing aged 87
Global financial crisis
2008 November - Wen Jiabao says the effect of
the global financial crisis on China
is worse than expected.
ONE-CHILD POLICY
Policy has had profound impact on Chinese
society
First sign of relaxation of strictly
enforced one-child policy, as officials in Shanghai urge parents to have a second child
in effort to counter effects of ageing population.
Leaders of China and Taiwan exchange
direct messages for the first time in more than 60 years.
2009 October - China stages mass celebrations
to mark 60 years since the Communist Party came to power.
2010 October - Jailed Chinese dissident Liu
Xiaobo is awarded Nobel Peace Prize, prompting official protests from Beijing.
Vice-President Xi Jinping named
vice-chairman of powerful Central Military Commission, in a move widely seen as
a step towards succeeding President Hu Jintao.
2011 July - Leaders of the Asian regional
block Asean sign a deal with China on guidelines for talks on the South China
Sea dispute. It fails to mention overlapping territorial claims that have led
to tension between the Philippines, Vietnam and China over the summer.
Source: BBC Learning English – Country profile
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